Sleepwalking Through Today's Earth Crisis
I am sorry not to have a link to this article. Normally, I wouldn't post it, but I feel it makes some valid points...
- - -
APOCALYPSE NOW: How Mankind is Sleepwalking Through Today's Earth Crisis
Floods, storms and droughts. Melting Arctic ice, shrinking glaciers, oceans
turning to acid. The world's top scientists warned last week that dangerous
climate change is taking place today, not the day after tomorrow. You don't
believe it?
Future historians, looking back from a much hotter and less hospitable
world, are likely to play special attention to the first few weeks of 2005. As they
puzzle over how a whole generation could have sleepwalked into disaster -
destroying the climate that has allowed human civilization to flourish over
the past 11,000 years - they may well identify the past weeks as the time when
the last alarms sounded.
Last week, 200 of the world's leading climate scientists - meeting at Tony
Blair's request at the Met Office's new headquarters at Exeter - issued the
most urgent warning to date that dangerous climate change is taking place,
and that time is running out.
Next week the Kyoto Protocol, the international treaty that tries to control
global warming, comes into force after a seven-year delay. But it is clear
that the protocol does not go nearly far enough.
The alarms have been going off since the beginning of one of the warmest
Januaries on record. First, Dr Rajendra Pachauri - chairman of the official
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) - told a UN conference in
Mauritius that the pollution which causes global warming has reached
"dangerous" levels.
Then the biggest-ever study of climate change, based at Oxford University,
reported that it could prove to be twice as catastrophic as the IPCC's worst
predictions. And an international task force - also reporting to Tony Blair,
and co-chaired by his close ally, Stephen Byers - concluded that we could
reach "the point of no return" in a decade.
Finally, the UK head of Shell, Lord Oxburgh, took time out - just before his
company reported record profits mainly achieved by selling oil, one of the
main causes of the problem - to warn that unless governments take urgent action
there "will be a disaster".
But it was last week at the Met Office's futuristic glass headquarters,
incongruously set in a dreary industrial estate on the outskirts of Exeter,
that it all came together. The conference had been called by the Prime
Minister to advise him on how to "avoid dangerous climate change". He needed help in persuading the world to prioritize the issue this year during Britain's
presidencies of the EU and the G8 group of economic powers.
The conference opened with the Secretary of State for the Environment,
Margaret Beckett, warning that "a significant impact" from global warming "is already inevitable". It continued with presentations from top scientists and
economists from every continent. These showed that some dangerous climate change was already taking place and that catastrophic events once thought highly
improbable were now seen as likely (see panel). Avoiding the worst was
technically simple and economically cheap, they said, provided that
governments could be persuaded to take immediate action.
About halfway through I realized that I had been here before. In the summer
of 1986 the world's leading nuclear experts gathered in Vienna for an inquest
into the accident at Chernobyl. The head of the Russian delegation showed a film
shot from a helicopter, and we suddenly found ourselves gazing down on the
red-hot exposed reactor core.
It was all, of course, much less dramatic at Exeter. But as paper followed
learned paper, once again a group of world authorities were staring at a
crisis they had devoted their lives to trying to avoid.
I am willing to bet there were few in the room who did not sense their
children or grandchildren standing invisibly at their shoulders. The conference
formally concluded that climate change was "already occurring" and that "in many
cases the risks are more serious than previously thought". But the cautious
scientific language scarcely does justice to the sense of the meeting.
We learned that glaciers are shrinking around the world. Arctic sea ice has
lost almost half its thickness in recent decades. Natural disasters are
increasing rapidly around the world. Those caused by the weather - such as droughts, storms, and floods - are rising three times faster than those - such as
earthquakes - that are not.
We learned that bird populations in the North Sea collapsed last year, after
the sand eels on which they feed left its warmer waters - and how the number of
scientific papers recording changes in ecosystems due to global warming has
escalated from 14 to more than a thousand in five years.
Worse, leading scientists warned of catastrophic changes that once they had
dismissed as "improbable". The meeting was particularly alarmed by powerful
evidence, first reported in The Independent on Sunday last July, that the
oceans are slowly turning acid, threatening all marine life.
Professor Chris Rapley, director of the British Antarctic Survey, presented
new evidence that the West Antarctic ice sheet is beginning to melt, threatening
eventually to raise sea levels by 15ft: 90 per cent of the world's people
live near current sea levels. Recalling that the IPCC's last report had called
Antarctica "a slumbering giant", he said: "I would say that this is now an
awakened giant."
Professor Mike Schlesinger, of the University of Illinois, reported that the
shutdown of the Gulf Stream, once seen as a "low probability event", was now
45 per cent likely this century, and 70 per cent probable by 2200. If it comes
sooner rather than later it will be catastrophic for Britain and northern
Europe, giving us a climate like Labrador (which shares our latitude) even
as the rest of the world heats up: if it comes later it could be beneficial,
moderating the worst of the warming.
The experts at Exeter were virtually unanimous about the danger, mirroring
the attitude of the climate science community as a whole: humanity is to blame.
There were a few skeptics at Exeter, including Andrei Illarionov, an adviser
to Russia's President Putin, who last year called the Kyoto Protocol "an
interstate Auschwitz". But in truth it is much easier to find skeptics among media
pundits in London or neo-cons in Washington than among climate scientists. Even the few contrarian climatalogists publish little research to support their views,
concentrating on questioning the work of others.
Now a new scientific consensus is emerging - that the warming must be kept
below an average increase of two degrees centigrade if catastrophe is to be
avoided. This almost certainly involves keeping concentrations of carbon dioxide, the main cause of climate change, below 400 parts per million.
Unfortunately we are almost there, with concentrations exceeding 370ppm and
rising, but experts at the conference concluded that we could go briefly
above the danger level so long as we brought it down rapidly afterwards. They
added that this would involve the world reducing emissions by 50 per cent by
2050 - and rich countries cutting theirs by 30 per cent by 2020.
Economists stressed there is little time for delay. If action is put off for
a decade, it will need to be twice as radical; if it has to wait 20 years, it
will cost between three and seven times as much.
The good news is that it can be done with existing technology, by cutting
energy waste, expanding the use of renewable sources, growing trees and crops
(which remove carbon dioxide from the air) to turn into fuel, capturing the gas
before it is released from power stations, and - maybe - using more nuclear energy.
The better news is that it would not cost much: one estimate suggested the
cost would be about 1 per cent of Europe's GNP spread over 20 years; another
suggested it meant postponing an expected fivefold increase in world wealth
by just two years. Many experts believe combating global warming would increase
prosperity, by bringing in new technologies.
The big question is whether governments will act. President Bush's
opposition to international action remains the greatest obstacle. Tony Blair, by almost universal agreement, remains the leader with the best chance of persuading him to change his mind.
But so far the Prime Minister has been more influenced by the President than
the other way round. He appears to be moving away from fighting for the
pollution reductions needed in favor of agreeing on a vague pledge to bring in new
technologies sometime in the future.
By then it will be too late. And our children and grandchildren will
wonder - as we do in surveying, for example, the drift into the First World War - "how on earth could they be so blind?"
WATER WARS
What could happen? Wars break out over diminishing water resources as
populations grow and rains fail.
How would this come about? Over 25 per cent more people than at present are
expected to live in countries where water is scarce in the future, and
global warming will make it worse.
How likely is it? Former UN chief Boutros Boutros-Ghali has long said that
the next Middle East war will be fought for water, not oil.
DISAPPEARING NATIONS
What could happen? Low-lying island such as the Maldives and Tuvalu - with
highest points only a few feet above sea-level - will disappear off the face
of the Earth.
How would this come about? As the world heats up, sea levels are rising,
partly because glaciers are melting, and partly because the water in the oceans
expands as it gets warmer.
How likely is it? Inevitable. Even if global warming stopped today, the seas
would continue to rise for centuries. Some small islands have already sunk
for ever. A year ago, Tuvalu was briefly submerged.
FLOODING
What could happen? London, New York, Tokyo, Bombay, many other cities and
vast areas of countries from Britain to Bangladesh disappear under tens of feet
of water, as the seas rise dramatically.
How would this come about? Ice caps in Greenland and Antarctica melt. The
Greenland ice sheet would raise sea levels by more than 20ft, the West
Antarctic ice sheet by another 15ft.
How likely is it? Scientists used to think it unlikely, but this year
reported that the melting of both ice caps had begun. It will take hundreds of years,
however, for the seas to rise that much.
UNINHABITABLE EARTH
What could happen? Global warming escalates to the point where the world's
whole climate abruptly switches, turning it permanently into a much hotter and
less hospitable planet.
How would this come about? A process involving "positive feedback" causes
the warming to fuel itself, until it reaches a point that finally tips the
climate pattern over.
How likely is it? Abrupt flips have happened in the prehistoric past.
Scientists believe this is unlikely, at least in the foreseeable future, but
increasingly they are refusing to rule it out.
RAINFOREST FIRES
What could happen? Famously wet tropical forests, such as those in the
Amazon, go up in flames, destroying the world's richest wildlife habitats and
releasing vast amounts of carbon dioxide to speed global warming.
How would this come about? Britain's Met Office predicted in 1999 that much
of the Amazon will dry out and die within 50 years, making it ready for
sparks - from humans or lightning - to set it ablaze.
How likely is it? Very, if the predictions turn out to be right. Already
there have been massive forest fires in Borneo and Amazonia, casting palls of
highly polluting smoke over vast areas.
THE BIG FREEZE
What could happen? Britain and northern Europe get much colder because the
Gulf Stream, which provides as much heat as the sun in winter, fails.
How would this come about? Melting polar ice sends fresh water into the
North Atlantic. The less salty water fails to generate the underwater current
which the Gulf Stream needs.
How likely is it? About evens for a Gulf Steam failure this century, said
scientists last week.
STARVATION
What could happen? Food production collapses in Africa, for example, as
rainfall dries up and droughts increase. As farmland turns to desert, people flee in
their millions in search of food.
How would this come about? Rainfall is expected to decrease by up to 60 per
cent in winter and 30 per cent in summer in southern Africa this century. By some
estimates, Zambia could lose almost all its farms.
How likely is it? Pretty likely unless the world tackles both global warming
and Africa's decline. Scientists agree that droughts will increase in a warmer
world.
ACID OCEANS
What could happen? The seas will gradually turn more and more acid. Coral
reefs, shellfish and plankton, on which all life depends, will die off. Much of the
life of the oceans will become extinct.
How would this come about? The oceans have absorbed half the carbon dioxide,
the main cause of global warming, so far emitted by humanity. This forms dilute
carbonic acid, which attacks corals and shells.
How likely is it? It is already starting. Scientists warn that the chemistry
of the oceans is changing in ways unprecedented for 20 million years. Some
predict that the world's coral reefs will die within 35 years.
DISEASE
What could happen? Malaria - which kills two million people worldwide every
year - reaches Britain with foreign travelers, gets picked up by British
mosquitos and becomes endemic in the warmer climate.
How would this come about? Four of our 40 mosquito species can carry the
disease, and hundreds of travelers return with it annually. The insects
breed faster, and feed more, in warmer temperatures.
How likely is it? A Department of Health study has suggested it may happen
by 2050: the Environment Agency has mentioned 2020. Some experts say it is
miraculous that it has not happened already.
HURRICANES
What could happen? Hurricanes, typhoons and violent storms proliferate, grow
even fiercer, and hit new areas. Last September's repeated battering of
Florida and the Caribbean may be just a foretaste of what is to come, say
scientists.
How would this come about? The storms gather their energy from warm seas,
and so, as oceans heat up, fiercer ones occur and threaten areas where at
present the seas are too cool for such weather.
How likely is it? Scientists are divided over whether storms will get more
frequent and whether the process has already begun.
- - -
APOCALYPSE NOW: How Mankind is Sleepwalking Through Today's Earth Crisis
Floods, storms and droughts. Melting Arctic ice, shrinking glaciers, oceans
turning to acid. The world's top scientists warned last week that dangerous
climate change is taking place today, not the day after tomorrow. You don't
believe it?
Future historians, looking back from a much hotter and less hospitable
world, are likely to play special attention to the first few weeks of 2005. As they
puzzle over how a whole generation could have sleepwalked into disaster -
destroying the climate that has allowed human civilization to flourish over
the past 11,000 years - they may well identify the past weeks as the time when
the last alarms sounded.
Last week, 200 of the world's leading climate scientists - meeting at Tony
Blair's request at the Met Office's new headquarters at Exeter - issued the
most urgent warning to date that dangerous climate change is taking place,
and that time is running out.
Next week the Kyoto Protocol, the international treaty that tries to control
global warming, comes into force after a seven-year delay. But it is clear
that the protocol does not go nearly far enough.
The alarms have been going off since the beginning of one of the warmest
Januaries on record. First, Dr Rajendra Pachauri - chairman of the official
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) - told a UN conference in
Mauritius that the pollution which causes global warming has reached
"dangerous" levels.
Then the biggest-ever study of climate change, based at Oxford University,
reported that it could prove to be twice as catastrophic as the IPCC's worst
predictions. And an international task force - also reporting to Tony Blair,
and co-chaired by his close ally, Stephen Byers - concluded that we could
reach "the point of no return" in a decade.
Finally, the UK head of Shell, Lord Oxburgh, took time out - just before his
company reported record profits mainly achieved by selling oil, one of the
main causes of the problem - to warn that unless governments take urgent action
there "will be a disaster".
But it was last week at the Met Office's futuristic glass headquarters,
incongruously set in a dreary industrial estate on the outskirts of Exeter,
that it all came together. The conference had been called by the Prime
Minister to advise him on how to "avoid dangerous climate change". He needed help in persuading the world to prioritize the issue this year during Britain's
presidencies of the EU and the G8 group of economic powers.
The conference opened with the Secretary of State for the Environment,
Margaret Beckett, warning that "a significant impact" from global warming "is already inevitable". It continued with presentations from top scientists and
economists from every continent. These showed that some dangerous climate change was already taking place and that catastrophic events once thought highly
improbable were now seen as likely (see panel). Avoiding the worst was
technically simple and economically cheap, they said, provided that
governments could be persuaded to take immediate action.
About halfway through I realized that I had been here before. In the summer
of 1986 the world's leading nuclear experts gathered in Vienna for an inquest
into the accident at Chernobyl. The head of the Russian delegation showed a film
shot from a helicopter, and we suddenly found ourselves gazing down on the
red-hot exposed reactor core.
It was all, of course, much less dramatic at Exeter. But as paper followed
learned paper, once again a group of world authorities were staring at a
crisis they had devoted their lives to trying to avoid.
I am willing to bet there were few in the room who did not sense their
children or grandchildren standing invisibly at their shoulders. The conference
formally concluded that climate change was "already occurring" and that "in many
cases the risks are more serious than previously thought". But the cautious
scientific language scarcely does justice to the sense of the meeting.
We learned that glaciers are shrinking around the world. Arctic sea ice has
lost almost half its thickness in recent decades. Natural disasters are
increasing rapidly around the world. Those caused by the weather - such as droughts, storms, and floods - are rising three times faster than those - such as
earthquakes - that are not.
We learned that bird populations in the North Sea collapsed last year, after
the sand eels on which they feed left its warmer waters - and how the number of
scientific papers recording changes in ecosystems due to global warming has
escalated from 14 to more than a thousand in five years.
Worse, leading scientists warned of catastrophic changes that once they had
dismissed as "improbable". The meeting was particularly alarmed by powerful
evidence, first reported in The Independent on Sunday last July, that the
oceans are slowly turning acid, threatening all marine life.
Professor Chris Rapley, director of the British Antarctic Survey, presented
new evidence that the West Antarctic ice sheet is beginning to melt, threatening
eventually to raise sea levels by 15ft: 90 per cent of the world's people
live near current sea levels. Recalling that the IPCC's last report had called
Antarctica "a slumbering giant", he said: "I would say that this is now an
awakened giant."
Professor Mike Schlesinger, of the University of Illinois, reported that the
shutdown of the Gulf Stream, once seen as a "low probability event", was now
45 per cent likely this century, and 70 per cent probable by 2200. If it comes
sooner rather than later it will be catastrophic for Britain and northern
Europe, giving us a climate like Labrador (which shares our latitude) even
as the rest of the world heats up: if it comes later it could be beneficial,
moderating the worst of the warming.
The experts at Exeter were virtually unanimous about the danger, mirroring
the attitude of the climate science community as a whole: humanity is to blame.
There were a few skeptics at Exeter, including Andrei Illarionov, an adviser
to Russia's President Putin, who last year called the Kyoto Protocol "an
interstate Auschwitz". But in truth it is much easier to find skeptics among media
pundits in London or neo-cons in Washington than among climate scientists. Even the few contrarian climatalogists publish little research to support their views,
concentrating on questioning the work of others.
Now a new scientific consensus is emerging - that the warming must be kept
below an average increase of two degrees centigrade if catastrophe is to be
avoided. This almost certainly involves keeping concentrations of carbon dioxide, the main cause of climate change, below 400 parts per million.
Unfortunately we are almost there, with concentrations exceeding 370ppm and
rising, but experts at the conference concluded that we could go briefly
above the danger level so long as we brought it down rapidly afterwards. They
added that this would involve the world reducing emissions by 50 per cent by
2050 - and rich countries cutting theirs by 30 per cent by 2020.
Economists stressed there is little time for delay. If action is put off for
a decade, it will need to be twice as radical; if it has to wait 20 years, it
will cost between three and seven times as much.
The good news is that it can be done with existing technology, by cutting
energy waste, expanding the use of renewable sources, growing trees and crops
(which remove carbon dioxide from the air) to turn into fuel, capturing the gas
before it is released from power stations, and - maybe - using more nuclear energy.
The better news is that it would not cost much: one estimate suggested the
cost would be about 1 per cent of Europe's GNP spread over 20 years; another
suggested it meant postponing an expected fivefold increase in world wealth
by just two years. Many experts believe combating global warming would increase
prosperity, by bringing in new technologies.
The big question is whether governments will act. President Bush's
opposition to international action remains the greatest obstacle. Tony Blair, by almost universal agreement, remains the leader with the best chance of persuading him to change his mind.
But so far the Prime Minister has been more influenced by the President than
the other way round. He appears to be moving away from fighting for the
pollution reductions needed in favor of agreeing on a vague pledge to bring in new
technologies sometime in the future.
By then it will be too late. And our children and grandchildren will
wonder - as we do in surveying, for example, the drift into the First World War - "how on earth could they be so blind?"
WATER WARS
What could happen? Wars break out over diminishing water resources as
populations grow and rains fail.
How would this come about? Over 25 per cent more people than at present are
expected to live in countries where water is scarce in the future, and
global warming will make it worse.
How likely is it? Former UN chief Boutros Boutros-Ghali has long said that
the next Middle East war will be fought for water, not oil.
DISAPPEARING NATIONS
What could happen? Low-lying island such as the Maldives and Tuvalu - with
highest points only a few feet above sea-level - will disappear off the face
of the Earth.
How would this come about? As the world heats up, sea levels are rising,
partly because glaciers are melting, and partly because the water in the oceans
expands as it gets warmer.
How likely is it? Inevitable. Even if global warming stopped today, the seas
would continue to rise for centuries. Some small islands have already sunk
for ever. A year ago, Tuvalu was briefly submerged.
FLOODING
What could happen? London, New York, Tokyo, Bombay, many other cities and
vast areas of countries from Britain to Bangladesh disappear under tens of feet
of water, as the seas rise dramatically.
How would this come about? Ice caps in Greenland and Antarctica melt. The
Greenland ice sheet would raise sea levels by more than 20ft, the West
Antarctic ice sheet by another 15ft.
How likely is it? Scientists used to think it unlikely, but this year
reported that the melting of both ice caps had begun. It will take hundreds of years,
however, for the seas to rise that much.
UNINHABITABLE EARTH
What could happen? Global warming escalates to the point where the world's
whole climate abruptly switches, turning it permanently into a much hotter and
less hospitable planet.
How would this come about? A process involving "positive feedback" causes
the warming to fuel itself, until it reaches a point that finally tips the
climate pattern over.
How likely is it? Abrupt flips have happened in the prehistoric past.
Scientists believe this is unlikely, at least in the foreseeable future, but
increasingly they are refusing to rule it out.
RAINFOREST FIRES
What could happen? Famously wet tropical forests, such as those in the
Amazon, go up in flames, destroying the world's richest wildlife habitats and
releasing vast amounts of carbon dioxide to speed global warming.
How would this come about? Britain's Met Office predicted in 1999 that much
of the Amazon will dry out and die within 50 years, making it ready for
sparks - from humans or lightning - to set it ablaze.
How likely is it? Very, if the predictions turn out to be right. Already
there have been massive forest fires in Borneo and Amazonia, casting palls of
highly polluting smoke over vast areas.
THE BIG FREEZE
What could happen? Britain and northern Europe get much colder because the
Gulf Stream, which provides as much heat as the sun in winter, fails.
How would this come about? Melting polar ice sends fresh water into the
North Atlantic. The less salty water fails to generate the underwater current
which the Gulf Stream needs.
How likely is it? About evens for a Gulf Steam failure this century, said
scientists last week.
STARVATION
What could happen? Food production collapses in Africa, for example, as
rainfall dries up and droughts increase. As farmland turns to desert, people flee in
their millions in search of food.
How would this come about? Rainfall is expected to decrease by up to 60 per
cent in winter and 30 per cent in summer in southern Africa this century. By some
estimates, Zambia could lose almost all its farms.
How likely is it? Pretty likely unless the world tackles both global warming
and Africa's decline. Scientists agree that droughts will increase in a warmer
world.
ACID OCEANS
What could happen? The seas will gradually turn more and more acid. Coral
reefs, shellfish and plankton, on which all life depends, will die off. Much of the
life of the oceans will become extinct.
How would this come about? The oceans have absorbed half the carbon dioxide,
the main cause of global warming, so far emitted by humanity. This forms dilute
carbonic acid, which attacks corals and shells.
How likely is it? It is already starting. Scientists warn that the chemistry
of the oceans is changing in ways unprecedented for 20 million years. Some
predict that the world's coral reefs will die within 35 years.
DISEASE
What could happen? Malaria - which kills two million people worldwide every
year - reaches Britain with foreign travelers, gets picked up by British
mosquitos and becomes endemic in the warmer climate.
How would this come about? Four of our 40 mosquito species can carry the
disease, and hundreds of travelers return with it annually. The insects
breed faster, and feed more, in warmer temperatures.
How likely is it? A Department of Health study has suggested it may happen
by 2050: the Environment Agency has mentioned 2020. Some experts say it is
miraculous that it has not happened already.
HURRICANES
What could happen? Hurricanes, typhoons and violent storms proliferate, grow
even fiercer, and hit new areas. Last September's repeated battering of
Florida and the Caribbean may be just a foretaste of what is to come, say
scientists.
How would this come about? The storms gather their energy from warm seas,
and so, as oceans heat up, fiercer ones occur and threaten areas where at
present the seas are too cool for such weather.
How likely is it? Scientists are divided over whether storms will get more
frequent and whether the process has already begun.
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